The beach, which had just been immersed in this unique orange light, now shimmers in deep purple, a good hour's drive north of Gibraltar. The sun has almost set, and the beach, the whole scenery, is drowning in a surreal light. Once again I take a deep breath of the salty air and inevitably have to think of the past, of Cuxhaven, where I grew up. I often spent evenings with my friends at the beach where we would watch the sun setting. We listened to the waves at high tide and the crackling in the mudflats at low tide. And I only went home long after the sun had disappeared behind the horizon; the dull noise of the waves behind our backs.
By embedding a strip of a ductile polymer like poly(vinyliden fluoride) (PVDF) into the prepreg of the load-inducing adherend prior to curing, surface toughening (ST) by disbond-stopping features (DSFs) can be realized in a simple way that is compatible with industrial fabrication [18,19]. To expand this concept with sensing capabilities, an easy to integrate smart inlay that combines crack sensing and stopping capability by forming a multifunctional disbond arrest feature (MDAF) was recently developed [20]. Strain sensor structures were applied directly onto the thermoplastic fluoropolymer. Although measurement data showed promising results and demonstrated bondline surveillance ability, electrical failures occurred quickly during fatigue testing. Load peaks at the filigree structures open to the adhesive layer were found to be a major source of defects. Encapsulation of the sensor structures using a second PVDF cover layer can be ruled out, since both layers would melt simultaneously during the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) integration process. Without mechanical reinforcement, the thin metallic micro structures could flow in the surrounding molten mass, leaving them distorted and destroyed after cooling.
Crack pour real cam life
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Data exemplifying the stress peak and relief profile inside the adhesive layer starting at the overlap of a stained specimen has previously been provided [28]. Thus, as the crack advances through the bondline as depicted in Figure 4, the approximately 10 mm-wide stress profile shifts likewise. This means, the bondline stress profile inside an uncracked specimen decreases within 10 mm to a purely load-dependent value. In order to ensure that only real crack initiation rather then local stress peaks are detected, the first sensory strip is placed 15 mm away from the targeted crack start (artificial disbond length of 10 mm must be added). In the healthy bondline state, the same load-dependent sensor value will be measured by a second sensory strip with more clearance to the overlap edge. Thus, any sensor signal difference between both rows can be attributed directly to crack initiation. 2ff7e9595c